Rabu, 23 Desember 2009

English Tense


Present Tense
Present Continuous
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We use the Present Continuous (Progressive) tense when talking about actions that are happening at the moment (present or temporary activity) or which will be done in the future (future arrangement).
To form sentences in this tense, you should know these:
the proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb to be.
Singular Plural
1st person I am We are
2nd person You are You are
3rd person He/she/it is They are


the "-ing" form of the verb (Present participle)
Examples:
try + ing = trying
go +ing = going
Read about exceptions.

Use
1. Present or temporary activities
2. Future (personal) arrangements


Mike is preparing to eat his big chicken

USE 2 (future arrangements) might seem a little confusing to an ESL learner because it's completely different from USE 1. Therefore, from my experience, ESL learners tend to make a lot of mistakes as they begin to use it. One mistake is to use the Future Simple to express future arrangements, while the correct tense would be the Present Continuous or the going to form.


I'm going to go to my grandma.
I'm going abroad this summer (in both sentences the speaker is speaking about plans)

I will go to my grandma (the speaker decided to go there in the moment of speaking)



Form
Positive sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
I/a dog etc. is/are going/taking
Examples Use

He is getting married this month (Use 2)

They are swimming in the sea (Use 1)

I'm having my first driving lesson this week (Use 2)

I'm drinking hot coffee now (Use 1)

I'm having a shower now (Use 1)

Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Verb + ing
is/are I/a dog etc. going/taking
Examples Use

Is she eating my cake now? (Use 1)

Are they having the party on Friday or Saturday? (Use 2)

Are you meeting David today? (Use 2)

Is Mary having breakfast now? (Use 1)

Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb+not + Verb + ing
I/a dog etc. isn't/aren't going/taking
Examples Use

He is not joking (Use 1)

We aren't waiting for my uncle (Use 1)

He is not going to school tomorrow (Use 2)

Remember that you can also use the Present Continuous to show your irritation over something or somebody in the present. E.g. She is always asking me stupid questions.

Present Simple

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This is without doubt the most important tense in the English language and we use it in a great number of very different situations in our lives. To encourage you to have a look at the below thorough description of the Present Simple, I must say that this tense is relatively easy to understand for people learning English, which is also why it is the best tense to learn first. OK, now it's time to have a look at the uses of this tense:
Use
1. Facts and generalization
2. Habits and routines
3. Permanent situations
4. State verbs (e.g. be, have, think, know) more
5. Fixed / official arrangement that we can't change
Note: Apart from all the above uses, this tense is also used in:
- Zero Conditional- If it rains, I go play football.

- First Conditional - We won't get our pocket money, if we don't pass this exam.

- In sentences after "when", "before", "till", "after", "as soon as" ("Before you leave, please take the keys").
He likes chewing gum.
The PS is also used in narrations. For example, while telling a story or joke. Read the beginning of a joke below:
A man goes to visit a friend and is amazed to find him playing chess with his dog. He watches the game in astonishment for a while [...]
More examples
Chuck Norris bites frost
or
Chuck Norris facts aren't funny anymore
Some of the verbs used in the simple form can also be used in the continuous form. That's typically when they have an active meaning or emphasize change. Read more.
Form
The tables below show you how to create a sentence in the PS. As I mentioned above it's rather simple: you just have to know the base form of the verb (for example, go) and the performer of the action.
We need to know that because it allows us to conjugate correctly.
o I eat
o you eat
o he eats
o she eats
o it eats
o we eat
o you eat
o they eat
As you can see, only verbs used with the 3rd person singular conjugate differently. They will usually get -s but there are some exceptions:
Read further about the third person singular.
So what about questions and negative sentences?
There are even easier to understand because the base verb stays the same. However, as always inversion takes place in interrogative sentences (questions). If you scroll down this page a bit, you'll find some examples.
In negative sentences we add "not" to the auxiliary verb (does, do), in this way getting contracted forms like doesn't or don't. Again, there are some nice examples below.


Positive sentences:
Subject + Verb
I/a dog etc. work/go/make
• Sharks have sharp teeth (Use 1)

Examples Use

A dog is an animal (Use 1)

I learn English twice a week (Use 2)

I have two eggs (Use 4)

The course starts in April (Use 5)

I come from Basil (Use 3)


Questions (interrogative sentences):
Questions require the auxiliary verb "to do" or, in the 3rd person singular, "does". Keep in mind that when you ask a question you don't need an -s. Compare these examples:
A:Does she like going to the mountains?
B:Yes, she does
A:Does John have a dog?
B:No, he doesn't.

Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb
do/does I/a dog etc. work/go/make
For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary.
o Is he tall?
o
Examples Use

Does Mike often play tennis? (Use 2)

Do you know who my friend is? (Use 3)

Is China in Europe? (Use 1)

What do you do? (what's your occupation?) (Use 3)


Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb+not + Verb
I/a dog etc. don't/doesn't/do not work/go/make


Examples Use

They don't live in New York anymore (Use 3)

I don't like winter (Use 4)

They don't live in New York anymore (Use 3)

He doesn't go to the cinema at all (Use 2)

________________________________________
• Fish don't smoke cigarettes (Use 1)
To describe how often an action that takes place, you can use adverbs of frequency. For example :
o always
o never
o frequently/often
o usually
o seldom/rarely
o nowadays
o every week/year
o sometimes/occasionally
o from time to time
Here are a few examples of how to use them in sentences:
Examples

I always go to church on Sundays

I never eat anything after 10 p.m.

My computer freezes from time to time -- it's quite old



Present Perfect Continuous
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We use the Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) to express actions that started in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used to talk about actions which began in the past and have recently stopped.
Use
1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present
2. Actions that have recently stopped
Time expressions
Since and for
Since and for are very common time expressions used with the Present Perfect Continuous. We use for with a period of time. Example:
• I have been living here for 20 years.
When talking about a starting point, we use since with a point in time.
• I have been living here since 1960.
More about time expressions
Remember that in the Present Perfect Continuous you cannot use time expressions such as:
• two months ago
• one year ago
• last week
• yesterday
• when I was five years old

If you're wondering why it's incorrect to use them, it's because they specify accurately when something happened (see: Use 1). You can, however, use time expressions such as:
• already
• yet
• before
• never
• recently
• at last
• ever
• just
• lately
The difference between the Present Perfect Simple and the Present Perfect Continuous. Read here
Form
Positive sentences:

A sentence in the Present Perfect Continuous consists of:
• A subject
• A verb in the -ing form (present participle)
• Two auxiliary verbs (been and have)
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
I/a dog etc. has/have been swimming etc.



My friend has been sleeping for five hours (Use 2) is still sleeping or she has just woken up).

Examples Use

She's (=she HAS) been crying in her room for half an hour now (Use 1)

We've been waiting for a good offer to buy a car since March (Use 1)

I've been waiting for you to come (but now you're back!) (Use 2)

Questions (interrogative sentences):

Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
has/have I/a dog/ a man etc. been swimming etc.

Examples Use

Have you been running? (Use 2)

Has Tom been walking the dog? (Use 2)

How long have you been learning English? (Use 1)

Q: What have you been doing there?
A: I've been eating (Use 1 or Use 2)

Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
I/a dog, a womanetc. hasn't / haven't been swimming, going etc.

Examples Use

I haven't been sleeping very well recently (Use 1)

I haven't been waiting for 50 minutes (Use 2)

John hasn't been using his A drive for a long time (Use 1)




Present Perfect
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The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite time or that began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment.
Note: later in this article, Preset Perfect will be abbreviated as PP.
I've eaten 10 apples today!


________________________________________
Use
1. Actions which happened at an indefinite (unknown) time before now
2. Actions in the past which have an effect on the present moment
3. Actions which began in the past and continue in the present
________________________________________
Time expressions
Since and for
Since and for are very common time expressions used with the PP. We use for with a period of time, for example:
• I have lived here for 20 years.
When talking about a starting point, we use since with a point in time.
• I have lived here since 1960.
More about time expressions
Remember that in the Present Perfect you cannot use time expressions such as:
• two months ago
• one year ago
• last week
• yesterday
• when I was five years old

If you're wondering why it's incorrect to use them, it's because they specify accurately when something happened (see: Use 1). You can, however, use time expressions such as:
• already
• yet
• before
• never
• recently
• at last
• ever
• just
• lately


Oil prices have gone up recently.*
* This is not up-to-date! It should be, "Oil prices has gone done recently."

I will replace this animation as soon as possible.

The difference between the PP and the PP Continuous. Read here
Form


The structure of PP is not very easy because it requires some pratice to get used to it. To correctly form Present Perfect sentences, you should know these:

the proper conjugation of the verb "have" (=auxiliary verb) [1]
Past Participle [2]
[1]
The conjugation of the verb "to have" is the same as in the Present Simple.
Singular Plural
1st person I have We have
2nd person You have You have
3rd person He/she/it has They have
As seen in the table, only the third person singular (he/she/it has) is irregular:
• She has never seen my brother
• Neither of my brothers has ever driven a truck
[2]
To correctly form a sentence in the PP, we also need the past participle. You can read a nice article about the past participle here. In short it is the verb from that is used with the perfect tenses.
Same as the past form, the past participle can be either regular or irregular.
The regular verbs are typically formed by adding -ed. Read an article about regular verbs.
Verb Past Participle
talk talked
explain explained
use used
deliver delivered
include included
achieve achieved

The formation of the irregular verbs does not follow one rule. Therefore, they should be memorized. Read an article about irregular verbs.
Verb Past Participle
be been
become become
see seen
go gone
eat eaten
grow grown

Positive sentences:

Subject + Auxiliary verb + Past participle
I/a dog etc. has/have slept/gone etc.

Examples Use

We have already had breakfast (Use 1)

I have bought new shades (Use 2)

I have already been to Paris (Use 1)

John has been a plumber for 2 years (Use 3)

Someone has taken my bag (Use 1,2)

He has been our most serious partner for so long that I can assure you he's a very decent man (Use 3)

The PP in the reported speech Read
Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Past participle
has/have I/a dog etc. slept/gone etc.



Examples Use

Have you ever seen this program? (Use 1)

Where has she lived for the past 21 years? (Use 3)

Have you found the telephone number? (Use 1,2)

Have you ever been to France? (Use 1)

Someone has taken my bag (Use 1,2)

In sentences with adverbials such as ever, already and yet, Americans may use the Past Simple rather than the Present Perfect. So an American would say:
• Did you go to the post office yet?
And a British man:
• Have you gone to the post office yet?
Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Past participle
I/a dog etc. hasn't/haven't slept/gone etc.

Examples Use

They haven't contacted you, have they? (Use 1)

He hasn't taken any drug for two years (Use 3)

Jane has never been so angry (Use 3)

Past Tenses

Past Continuous
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We use the Past Continuous to talk about past actions in progress. The actions can also be interrupted by something (I was eating my breakfast when the telephone rang), plus there are several other uses.
I was jogging in the street when somebody stopped me and asked what time it was.
Use
1. Actions in progress
2. Interrupted actions in progress*
3. Actions in progress at the same time in the past.
4. Irritation
5. Timid /polite question (read more below)
*events that were in progress when another event happened. We often use when to link these two events.
Timid /polite question
• I was wondering if...
I was thinking you might...
Although these sentences have the Past Continuous form, they apply to the present moment. Their meaning is similar to the "could you" sentences but they are more polite.
• I was wondering if you could carry my bag.

A rhinoceros was swatting flies with his tail when suddenly a fly bit him (Use 2)
Form
Positive sentences:

Subject + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
I/a dog etc. was/were going/taking

At 3 p.m., I was having lunch (Use 1)
(the lunch started earlier than 3 p.m.)
They were talking about her when she walked into the room. (Use 2)
While Kenneth was cleaning the living room, Sam was washing the dishes. (Use 3)
We were all thinking about our holidays. (Use 1)
Shannon was filling in a questionnaire when the pen ran out of ink. (Use 2)


Yesterday at this time
Steven Seagal was riding a horse (Use 1)


John was smoking a cigarette when he saw a spider (Use 2)
Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Verb + ing
was/were I/a dog etc. going/taking
Was she going to the theater when it started raining? (Use 2)

What were the defenders doing when Kenneth struck the ball? (Use 2)

Were you painting your house yesterday at 5 p.m.? (Use 1)

Was Mary shopping when the mall was burning ? (Use 3)
Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Verb + ing
I/a dog etc. wasn't/weren't going/taking

He asked me why I wasn't having dinner at the hotel. (Use 1)
we weren't playing football when the earthquake began. (Use 2)
Remember that you can also use the Past Continuous to show your irritation over something or somebody in the past. E.g. She was always asking me stupid questions.



Past Simple
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We use the Past Simple to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. The actions can be short or long. There can also be a few actions happening one after another. Generally, there are two important facts to remember about this tense:

- Irregular verbs
- Questions and negative sentences, unlike the positive ones, preserve the base form of the verb (Did you go there?)

* Copernicus was the first to be sure that the Sun, rather than the Earth, is the center of the Solar System

Use
1. Events in the past that are now finished (e.g. I went to school) *
2. Situation in the past (they lived a normal life until they won a lottery) **
3. A series of actions in the past
* often referred to as short actions in the past
** often referred to as long action in the past
Irregular Verbs
I go, I went, I have gone
As an ESL student you have certainly encountered the irregular verbs... more
Form
Positive sentences:
Subject + Verb + ed or an irregular form
I/a dog etc. worked/went/saw


I saw two colorful fishes in the lake yesterday (Use 1)


He entered a room, lit a cigarette and smiled at the guests. (Use 3)

Mary tried the soup but it was too hot to eat. (Use 1)
I lived in New York for 10 years (I don't live there anymore) (Use 2)

They saw us playing football. (Use 1)

He married a woman who lived in the same village. (Use 1)
Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Verb
did I/a cat/me and my brother go/take


How long did he work there? (Use 2 or Use 1)
Did the telephone ring? (Use 1)

Did you see that? (Use 1)
Common time expressions (time adverbials) in the Past Simple:
yesterday, the other day, just now, the day before yesterday.
Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Verb
I/a cat etc. didn't go/take

He didn't learn any Italian when he was in Italy two year ago (Use 2)
I wasn't at my grandma's when you came (Use 1)
He didn't get any good grades when he attended school (Use 3)
I met my old friend from school yesterday and she looked really weird.


Past Perfect
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The Past Perfect is quite simple and useful, we use it to show that one action in the past occurred before another action in the past.
Use
1. A completed action before another activity in the past
2. Third conditional sentences (a) and reported speech (b) (read more at the bottom the page)
3. Dissatisfaction with the past
The Past Perfect is also used in a number of expressions like these:
I wish, as if/though and if only

I wish I hadn't gone there.
John looked as if he had done something terrible.
Form
Positive sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Past participle
I/a dog etc. had eaten/given/gone

TYPICAL MISTAKES:
As soon as the film started, I realized I had seen it before.
(the past participle of the verb "to see" is "seen", not "seed")

By the time I got to the station my train HAD left. ("By the time" indicates that the train had left before the speaker got to the station, not the other way around!)

When we arrived, the concert had already finished. (Use 1)
It had got/gotten worse before it got better. (Use 1)
By the time I watched my favorite program, I had drunk a cup of beer. (Use 1)
If I hadn't taken my keys from the drawer, I would be unable to get into my house. (Use 2a)
My mum asked me whether I had visited grandma the previous day. (Use 2b)
By the time I got to the market, most of the stalls had already been closed. (Use 1)
I wish I had taken more food with me (Use 3)
Use 3 is the so-called hypothetical past. We're talking about things that never happened.
I wish I had fixed my umberella. (but I didn't)
If only I had known the answer to that question. (but I didn't)


Mr. Johnson had read the document carefully before he signed it.


Before I was born, my grandfather had gone to war.
You may find that people (especially native speakers) don't use the Past Perfect.
• After I walked my dog, I went to the cinema
This is because "after" or "before" tell the listener which action happened first.
Still, keep in mind that such sentences are usually used in conversations rather than other situations. Therefore, try to avoid them (especially in tests where you can lose points because of that)
Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Past participle
had I/a dog etc. eaten/given/gone

Had he known some words before he started learning English?
Had they had any pet before they bought the giraffe?

Common time expressions (time adverbials) in the Past Perfect:
after, before, already, as soon as, just, yet, until, till, by the time that.

Negative sentences:

Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Past participle
I/a dog etc. hadn't/ had not eaten/given/gone


I hadn't seen Berlin before I flew there in the summer.
He said Mr. Johnson hadn't mowed the lawn (Use 2b)
Brenda didn't call me before her plane had landed.
________________________________________
Past Perfect is used in reported speech (=saying someone else said):
Ann: I was in the US 12 months ago.
George: Ann said she had been in the United States 12 months earlier.
OR
Ann: I have searched all the rooms.
George: Ann said she had searched all the rooms.

Past Perfect Continuous
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The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) is very similar to the Past Perfect. However, while using this tense, we focus on the duration of an activity rather than the result of it.
Use
1. Duration of a past action up to a certain point in the past
2. Third conditional sentences (a) and reported speech (b)
Form
Positive sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
I/a dog etc. had been eating/swimming, etc.

I had been running for an hour when it started raining. (Use 1)

Mary said she had never been swimming so much in one day. (Use 2b)

Kathy put on weight because she had been eating too much sugar (Use 1)
When I saw him I knew that he had been training. (Use 1)
Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
Had I/a dog etc. been eating/swimming, etc.

For how many hours had Fred been painting the house when the ladder fell? (Use 1)
How long had the player been playing before he scored? (Use 1)
Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
I/a dog /Mary, etc. hadn't been going/swimming, etc.
He said he wasn't tired because he hadn't been preparing his car. (Use 2b)
If it hadn't been raining, we would have played football. (Use 2a)
Had I not been studying all night, I would have problems with this test now. (Use 2a)

Future Simple
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Among all future tenses, the Future Simple is the most common. It is used in many situations such as when making promises or predictions.
________________________________________

Here goes a list to make it more readable.
Use
1. Promises (Use 1)
2. Unplanned actions (spontaneous decisions) (Use 2)
3. Predictions based on experience or intuition * (Use 3)
4. Habits (obstinate insitence, usually habitual) (Use 4)

* Use going to form to express predictions based on observing the present situation.
** You probably have encountered the word "gonna". That is the contraction of "going to".
Keep in mind: "Gonna" is rather informal so be careful when using it!
• My mother's gonna be mad!
________________________________________
Form
Positive sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Verb
I/a dog etc. will go/take etc.

CAUTION
Remember, you should never use will to say what somebody has already arrange or decided to do in the future:
– Mike is moving to New Jersey next month (not "Mike will move")
More
• I think he will regret his choice. (Use 3)
• I will come back at 10 p.m. (Use 1)
• If you will keep your watch half an hour slow it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments. (Use 4)
• John will keep dropping his towel on the floor after a bath. (Use 4)

• When I'm 60 years old, I will be completely bald. (Use 3)

• I will visit my grandma at hospital. (Use 1 or Use 2)
• Let's buy the snacks at the supermarket – they will be cheaper. (Use 3)
Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Verb
will I/a dog etc. go/take etc.

Remember
We often use will with:
probably, most likely I'll probably drop in on uncle.
I think This gift is great. I think we'll love it.
I'm sure It's not going to be boring there. I'm sure there will be a lot of boys at your age
I wonder (if, what, when, etc.) It's a bit late. I wonder if he'll come.
I expect I haven't seen Matthew today. I expect he'll call today.

• Will he be surprised when he sees me? (Use 3)
• Will Mark be able to do the shopping before 10 a.m.? (Use 3)
• Will there be plenty of people in church? (Use 3)
• Will you study harder? (Use 1)


Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Verb
I/a dog etc. will not/won't go/take etc.

• I won't take any heavy equipment with me. (Use 2)
• I'm sorry I won't be able to help you with your English today. (Use 2)
• I expect that Sally will not clean up her room, unless you help her. (Use 3)

Future Continuous
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We use the Future Continuous (Progressive) to indicate that we will be in the middle of doing something in a specified time in the future.
Use
1. Future actions in progress.
2. Guesses about the present or the future.
3. Polite questions about somebody's intentions*.
*Remember
If you want to learn about somebody's intentions, you should never use the Future Simple. Using the Future Simple implies that you want to influence somebody's decision. Questions become much more objective if formed in the Future Continuous.
• Will you come home? (= I want you to come home)
• Will you be coming home?
Form
Contracted forms (more)
WILL = 'LL
Example: She'll have been = she will have been
WILL + NOT = WON'T
Example: She won't have been = she will not have been


Positive sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
I/you/we etc. will be sleeping/taking


In positive sentences we use the contracted form of will ('ll).
She'll be having a bath when I'm back home. (Use 1)
Tomorrow at nine, I will be hosing off (=washing with a hose) my car. (Use 1)
This time next week, I will be throwing a party. (Use 1)
I'll be watching TV when my mother arrives. (Use 1)
They will be getting home just about now. (Use 2)
Remember
Like any of the Future Tenses, Future Continuous cannot be used in sentences beginning with: while, when, before, by the time, if, etc.
By the time, you will be finishing your paiting.


Tomorrow at this time, I will be getting bored at school! (Use 1)

Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing ?
will I/you/we etc. be dancing/taking
Will she be cooking when we knock at the door? (Use 1)
Will Mark be playing football at 6 p.m.? (Use 1)
Will you be using the screwdriver? (Use 3)
Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Verb + ing
I/you/we etc. won't be trying/taking
In negative sentences we use the contracted form of will not (won't).
We won't be having supper tomorrow before 8 o'clock. (Use 1)
I won't be learning English tomorrow at this time. (Use 1)
John won't be sleeping now (= I think John isn't sleeping now) (Use 2)






Future Perfect
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We use this tense to express an action that will be finished before some point in the future.
Use
1. Actions that will be finished before some point in the future
Common time expressions used in the Future Perfect:
• Before
• By tomorrow/7 o'clock/next month
• Until/till
Form
Contracted forms (more)
WILL = 'LL
Example: She'll have been = she will have been
WILL + NOT = WON'T
Example: She won't have been = she will not have been
Positive sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Past participle
I/a dog etc. will have gone, seen, etc.
They will have graduated from from Cambridge by July 2009.
I will have retired by the end of the year.
I read 40 pages a day. If I keep up the pace, I will have read the book by Tuesday.

Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Auxiliary verb + Past participle ?
will I/a dog etc. have gone, seen, etc.
Will they have graduated from Cambridge by July 2009?
Will I have retired by the end of the year?
Will you have bought a new processor by the end of this week?
Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Past participle
I/a dog etc. won't have gone, seen, etc.
They won't have graduated from from Cambridge by July 2009.
My uncle won't have retired by the end of the year.
Future Perfect Continuous
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We use this tense to express actions that will be happening at a definite moment in the future.
Use
1. Actions that will be in progress at a definite moment in the future.


By tomorrow I will have been saving money for a new house for 4 years.

Common time expressions used in the Future Perfect Continuous :
• By tomorrow / 8 o'clock
• This year / month / week
• Next year / month / week
Form
Contracted forms (more)
WILL = 'LL
Example: She'll have been = she will have been
WILL + NOT = WON'T
Example: She won't have been = she will not have been


Positive sentences:
We will have been driving 6 hours by the time we get home.
In the summer Mike will have been trying to find a new job for five months.
Jane will be very tired when she comes home, because she will have been flying over 24 hours.
My father and I will have been breeding sheep for 20 years tomorrow.
By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.

Note: If duration of an activity (since April, for three hours) is unknown then the Future Continuous should be used instead of the perfect form.

Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Present participle
I/a dog etc. will have been going, doing (verb + ing)
Negative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Auxiliary verb + Present participle
I/a dog etc. won't have been going, doing (verb + ing)
She won't have been writing the book for four months by the end of October.
Negative sentences seem to sound somewhat unnatural. Probably because the answer to a question like, "Will she have been teaching for 30 years this year?", would simply be, "No, I don't think so".
Questions (interrogative sentences):
Auxiliary
verb + Subject + Auxiliary
verb + Auxiliary
verb + Presen
t participle ?
Will I/a dog etc. have been going, doing (verb + ing)
Will he have been writing the composition for a month by the end of February?
Questions beginning with "how long" are more common:
How long will you have been learning German this year?
How long will you have been trying to get your driving license this week? I hope you'll finally make it!

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